《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》 是怎樣的抉擇？
【記者范家豪／專欄報導】 由哈旗鼓文化藝術團與創作社劇團於108年6月8日晚間7時30分在國家戲劇院所演出的《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》已成功落幕，鍾喬（特約評論人）對此劇作了以下之評論。
以國家圖書館為場景，貫穿歷史與當代的時空介面，穿梭於記憶與虛構間，最後要問的是：一場戰爭（應該說一場必將失敗的戰爭）到底為何而戰？在劇場裡提問，特別是關於一場迷霧般的歷史的提問，是和觀眾共同走進迷霧，而取得個別認知的途徑。近些年，這樣「史詩劇場」（Epic Theatre）式的歷史劇，在我們表演藝術的光譜中捲土重來，其實是人們重新看待自身與歷史關係的一種表現。布萊希特（Bertolt Brecht）在他創發的「史詩劇場」中，置入疏離於「移情」而生產出「態度」的戲劇性質，其實是要觀眾去探問現實；相同地，在歷史劇中，拋卻結局的固化，惑問這樣歷史之於當代人，將以何種抉擇來面對？同時，也是一種「態度」的伸張。
《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》便是探索「怎樣的抉擇」構成「怎樣的態度」的一齣戲，且具備一定的美學素質，特別就走出客家戲劇的慣性，創造當代連結的脈絡而言，成效顯著。讓我們先從場景的構造面出發，在這裡，一個國家圖書館，引來五位希望透過「桌遊」而創業的青年，在角落間討論一樁歷史事件。亦即，那場發生在1895年日本殖民政府武裝入侵台灣的往事，如何成為遊戲產品。這前前後後的時間裡，相關火燒庄的南部六堆客家青壯古人，與當代的青年交融在一個舞台上，並穿插二位日本軍官。
這裡很值得探索的是：空間的潛藏內涵──「圖書館」加上「國家」的定位（雖然，劇中並未明言，但就設施的安置，得以想像）。這定位，不免讓人聯想國家管制的檔案如何解禁的過程。可以說，國家原本以檔案的管制者身份來支配這些檔案；隨著時日變遷，這些檔案卻因著泛稱的「人」的介入，而生出超越國家管理的生命力來。這是國家漸被市場取代的新自由主義年代中，有批判傾向的藝術工作者常懷抱的態度；至於，國家讓位後興起的市場邏輯，到底帶來多少文化批判的發生？則是進一步的發問。
回歸本劇較多的關切是：如何讓「桌遊」創業青年，也以當代經濟泡沫化的焦慮，進入歷史時空的抉擇狀態中。關於國家的存在，只能以一種隱喻的方式被解讀。因其作為空間的隱喻，反而讓我們思及：國家之於記憶的控管，在戰後冷戰／威權統治的漫漫歲月中，先是戒嚴時期，一具具冰冷緊閉櫥窗的檔案控管；再者，才是新自由主義盛行的全球化世紀，從虛擬世界轉化而來的，對於歷史的全面冷感與失憶。只有從這樣的角度出發，才得以更深刻的立體化跨時空安排，之於一場戰爭在客家庄發生的抉擇，為何具備當代的特殊意涵。單就本劇而言，雖不涉及類似解禁國家機密的問題；然則，民間歷史的交錯版本，在編劇王靖惇的描述中，卻帶來他與當代的對話關係，這是撐開這齣戲碼的關鍵時刻。
因為，國家與社會的輕忽導致民間的逐步遺忘，這在客家文化中，是一個值得關注的議題；當然，因著台灣族群社會的變遷，其結構性的輕忽反而帶來客家民間自主的連結，賦予客家文化更豐厚的面向，卻也是不爭的事實。《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》在這樣的脈絡下，顯現出劇場美學與當代客家民眾史的連帶，特別在與日本殖民勢力的武裝對抗方面。這是台灣客家走出被遮蔽（或自我遮避）狀態的核心命題。
客家運動（起於1988年）三十週年的隔年，在眾多戰後世代客家人，逐步地以台灣客家來省視移民流動的族群位置之際，《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》的推出，恰讓我們有機會重新檢視：客家作為「隱形族群」在台灣史上的特殊處境。「隱形」顧名思義即「不現身」或「難以現身」；但，就台灣客家的歷史爬梳，更貼切的描述，應是在「難以現身」下的「不現身」。從這樣的角度觀察，便會得出在1895年、乙未割台的歷史情境下，南部六堆客家如何以庶民之身來懷抱農民大眾的素樸階級意識，對殖民的帝國入侵展開毫不遲疑的抵抗。「這是一場明知不能戰，卻非戰不可的戰役！」在現今火燒庄遺址的長治鄉，我們如常般耳聞眾多在地耆老這麼回憶過往。
在這裡，其實要面對的是：劇場的虛構性與現實的真實性，如何生產辯證關係的命題。通常，在現實中，族群共有一種：從壯烈犧牲的共同體裡所獲致的光榮感，這不是想像力可以任意取代的。例如，這場導致全庄被侵犯日軍燒盡的戰爭；相對地，在劇場中，觀眾作為民眾的身份，在當代社會中，對於以想像替換現實，有著強烈的慾望或需求。因為，現實通常被充斥欺瞞性的政體與市場所覆蓋。人們希冀一種想像世界的飛舞，來擴大對於族群的多元面貌。這在客家而言，自不例外。特別是族群悲劇性的共同記憶，在舞台上發生時，想像力召喚更多跨族群的能量。就這點而言，《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》以創作性的歷史介入，回應亞里士多德（Aristotélēs）的老生常談：「詩，比歷史更真實｣。
歷史，作為民眾在記憶深處所埋下的張力，通常並非豐功偉業的津津樂道，而是噤聲民眾在黑暗中的抵抗，這是詩意的來源。從這個角度出發，本劇僅以「桌遊」作為一個介面，讓時間彼岸的南部客家六堆人物，得以和當下的青年產生身體的對話，從而抵拒一般跨越時空劇碼過多的科幻噱頭，藉此讓歷史的重量平均了當代的稀薄。在這樣前提下，所展現的客家當代劇場，恰是在隱形中穿越重重阻隔，從而找尋到現身的一種狀態。這種狀態涵蓋著過去的記憶，如何以被遺忘後再現的歷程，在時間元素所形成的張力下，成為戲劇表現的能量來源。
火燒庄，固然為1895年的往事。然則，歷史的災難，經常因當下的政治性誤入，失喪原本的面貌。就以現在的「轉型正義」針對「威權」而忽視「殖民」而言，民眾在歷史的時空中，被刻意淹滅的共同記憶，來到一個關鍵時刻；亦即，如何不再讓民眾的苦難記憶，被政治化選擇性的運用。當然，這就和我們如何在歷史面前，重新睜開凝視的雙眼，息息相關。這方面，歐哲班雅明（Benjamin）以保羅‧克力（Paul Kiee）的繪畫「新天使」作為思想的前提所開展的視野，恰恰讓我們見到《1895火燒庄：最終抉擇》一劇，在當前時空，以政策「正當化」日本殖民統治的現代性之際，拉開客家歷史民眾美學的另類觀照。
在班雅明對「歷史新天使」的思想鋪陳中，主要落實於人類面對災難的過去時，既踩在歷史的殘骸上，倍感震顫不安，且不時在追索著救贖的到來；這在本劇中，原本有機會透過歷史與當代人物的對話，在彼此的矛盾中，找到推動戲劇性張力的時刻。但，也因為「桌遊」正當化了時間彼岸與此岸的矛盾關係。亦即，此岸走入彼岸世界的理所當然，無法在彼此的矛盾中，創造當代對於客家共同記憶失落的救贖感，這是衝突的「未現身」所帶來的某種遺憾，只能這樣說……。然則，比較深入的觀察，我們將再次發現把我們拋向未來的，其實仍是班雅明筆下的那陣風暴。也就是，由政治現實與新自由主義市場雙雙連結下，所拋出的剝離民眾視角的風暴。所以，劇中的核心問題，一直不是那場戰爭的真相是什麼？而是做出這樣悲劇性的選擇時，對於不斷在流動中找尋定位的「台灣客家」而言，到底意味著什麼？但，這一方面，明顯地未成為本劇關切的焦點。易言之，焦點仍在一般性的選擇上，並未深入殖民與被殖民，壓迫與被壓迫，以及如何以「去殖民」看待「後殖民」的提問上。
選擇是什麼？為何做出這樣的選擇？做出這樣選擇後，對於後世的客家影響是什麼？雖然，從劇中顯見英雄或豪傑意識的退位，以喚起民眾的記憶；卻也並未深化六堆客家民眾性抵抗殖民侵略的問題。因而，更加推進我們重啟思考，本劇的最後抉擇應直面的是：由「現代性」需求所組織起來的主流政治史觀，就如班雅明在「新天使」論述中呈現的描述：「解決過去苦難的唯一方法，居然是轉身大步往前，而不見民眾史的觀點與態度。」
從這樣子看，這是一齣透過「選擇」的過程，來嫁接歷史與當代的戲碼。也因此推進了客家現代戲劇，在跨越族群方向上，做出了以對話為前提的「美學選擇」，最後結束於一場犧牲殆盡的殺伐。至於，如何看待這樣的屍骨遍野？「桌遊」帶來的戲劇效應，顯然勝過我們如何看待一場戰爭，之於台灣客家面對殖民歷史與當下頌揚殖民現代化的價值混淆……。
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